Genetic identification of Anisakis spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from cetaceans of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: ecological and zoogeographical implications.

Adult Anisakis Dujardin, 1845 were found in two specimens of killer whale Orcinus orca and one specimen of franciscana Pontoporia blainvillei stranded from off the coast of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Genetic identification of the nematodes (N = 144) was performed by sequence analysis of the mitochondrial (mtDNA cox2) and the nuclear (nas 10 nDNA) gene loci. Anisakis pegreffii and Anisakis berlandi were detected in the two individuals of O. orca, while Anisakis typica and A. pegreffii were identified in P. blainvillei. Morphological and morphometric analysis also carried out on adult specimens of A. pegreffii and A. berlandi has allowed to underlining the usefulness of genetic/molecular markers in their recognition. This represents the first record of A. pegreffii in O. orca and P. blainvillei and of A. berlandi in O. orca. This is also the first sympatric and syntopic occurrence, as adults, of A. pegreffii and A. berlandi from the Austral Region of the Atlantic Ocean waters. These results provide insights into the knowledge of the host ranges and geographical distribution of these parasites in the basin waters of the region. Pontoporia blainvillei showed low abundance values of infection with Anisakis spp., which is the general pattern for coastal dolphins in the area, whereas O. orca harboured higher abundance of Anisakis spp. than those previously recorded among cetacean species in the Argentine Sea. Differences in the Anisakis spp. distribution and their parasitic loads, observed among the three host specimens, are discussed in relation to the oceanographic parameters, as well as to the host ecology. The usefulness of genetic/molecular markers in the recognition of adults of the sibling species A. pegreffii and A. berlandi with considerable overlapping in morphometric and morphological characters was underlined. The distribution of Anisakis species from Southwestern Atlantic waters is discussed in relation to their value as indicators for studies on the zoogeography of their hosts at a regional-scale level.

Corticosteroids for Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children: A Meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is focused on dietary, pharmacologic, and endoscopic therapy options. Within the pharmacologic alternatives, topical corticosteroids are the most used, and a large number of studies evaluating their effectiveness have been published, requiring a new summary of evidence. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the histologic and clinical effectiveness of the use of corticosteroids in pediatric patients with a diagnosis of EoE. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Embase, Science Citation Index Expanded, Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, and ClinicalTrials.gov (June 2019). STUDY SELECTION: We selected randomized controlled trials assessing corticosteroids versus a placebo or dietary treatment of EoE in children. DATA EXTRACTION: Methodologic quality of evidence was evaluated by using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. The primary outcomes were clinical and histologic improvement. RESULTS: A total of 1655 studies were identified. Five studies were included (206 patients). Histologic response was 49.25% in the corticosteroids group and 4.16% in the placebo group (risk ratio 11.05 [confidence interval 3.8-32.15]; P < .0001). Symptomatic response was 33.6% in the corticosteroids group and 21.8% in the control group (risk ratio 1.62 [confidence interval 0.94-2.79]; P = .08). There were no major adverse effects. LIMITATIONS: Heterogeneity of the diagnosis of EoE. CONCLUSIONS: Our review revealed favorable results of corticosteroids versus placebo, mainly in histologic response. More studies are needed, by using validated clinical scores, to obtain more reliable results.

Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis: A multicenter study on a pediatric population evaluated at thirty-six Latin American gastroenterology centers. / Prevalencia de esofagitis eosinofílica: estudio multicéntrico en población pediátrica evaluada en 36 centros de gastroenterología de América Latina.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic, immune-mediated disease described in case series and publications worldwide. Over the past twenty years, the authors of different studies have attempted to evaluate its incidence and prevalence. The objetive of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in a group of children seen at 36 pediatric gastroenterology centers in ten Latin American countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A multicenter, observational, and cross-sectional study was conducted that estimated the period prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in children seen at outpatient consultation and that underwent diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for any indication at 36 centers in 10 Latin American countries, within a 3-month time frame. RESULTS: Between April and June 2016, 108 cases of eosinophilic esophagitis were evaluated. Likewise, an average of 29,253 outpatient consultations and 4,152 diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopies were carried out at the 36 participating centers. The period prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in the population studied (n=29,253) was 3.69 cases×1,000 (95% CI: 3.04 to 4.44), and among the children that underwent routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (n=4,152), it was 26x1,000 (95% CI: 22.6 to 29.4). CONCLUSIONS: The general period prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in a group of children evaluated at 36 Latin American pediatric gastroenterology centers was 3.69×1,000, and in the children that underwent endoscopy, it was 26×1,000. There was important prevalence variability between the participating countries and centers. The present analysis is the first study conducted on the prevalence of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis in Latin America.

Resolución intra-quirúrgica de osteotomía sagital bilateral de rama mandibular desfavorable en paciente con látero-desviación: estado del arte de casos reportados / Intra-operative resolution of unfavorable bilateral mandibular sagittal ramus osteotomy in a patient with lateral deviation

Objetivos: 1) presentar un caso clínico de fractura de rama ascendente mandibular luego de realizar laosteotomía sagital bilateral y su correspondiente resolución 2) Determinar a través de una Revisión Bibliográfica si la presencia de terceros molares incrementa o no el índice de fracturas desfavorables al momentode la osteotomía sagital de rama.Materiales y método: 1) Se presenta un caso clínico de fractura de rama ascendente mandibular luego deosteotomía sagital de rama en una mujer de 24 años, quien presenta un tercer molar normalmente erupcio-nado, la resolución de dicha complicación y controles a distancia. 2) En una búsqueda realizada en Pubmedy Medline, limitada para artículos clínicos de los últimos 20 años y con un numero mayor a 100 osteotomías, se dividió a los pacientes en 2 grupos: Grupo 1 (con tercer molar presente) n= 898 osteotomías y Grupo 2 (tercer molar ausente) n=1217 osteotomías.Se analizaron Índices de fractura durante la osteotomía con presencia o no del tercer molar, ubicación dela fractura según sea el segmento proximal o distal, según el sexo y según sean mandíbulas prognáticas oretrognáticas. Conclusiones: 1) La presencia del tercer molar al momento de la osteotomía no incrementa el índice de fracturas p: 0,98. 2) A mayor experiencia del cirujano, menor índice de fracturas. 3) En ausencia del tercermolar, la fractura del segmento proximal es más frecuente que la del distal p: 0,0089. 4) En presencia del tercermolar son más frecuentes las fracturas distales p: 0,012. 5) Son más frecuentes las fracturas en mandíbulasretrognáticas que las prognáticas.Caso clínico: 1) Se lograron los objetivos planteados en el VTQ. 2) El cóndilo izquierdo se encuentra remo-delado, en función. No se observan alteraciónes en los movimientos de apertura y cierre mandibular, ni tam-poco desviación de las líneas medias dentarias superior e inferior en apertura y cierre